## It’s Maths!!

Posted in General with tags , , on January 20, 2010 by Admin

Maths Forum

Not only talks about Conic section(Circle) but also

other math topics.

KLIK to view;)

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Here’s another link which I think helps a lot for those who had troubles with Conic Section

or maybe HERE.

The Tab Tutor program sure is useful;)

moderator,

Nor Hidayah Binti Kamin

## Hello Again…

Posted in General on January 16, 2010 by Admin

It’s been such a long time since this blog is created.And whadaa…everyone is participating I can say.

Thanx a lot for the coorperation my dear tutorialmate.And if you are facing any problem related to posting and such,just give me a call or text me;)

Here are the list of those who already post:

1.NOR HIDAYAH BINTI KAMIN

2.ELENA ROZELLA JARID

3.SITTI SURAIDAH BINTI ANAS

4.BONG SING KOCK

5.KONG NGIIK HIONG

6.WONG SWAN SWAN

7.DELTA JENNETY DENIL

8.MARK RYAN

9.SEAH SHU YEN

10.HEPERIZAN JUNAIDI

11.GLORIA TERRENCE FIRAON

12.SAWAI A/K JANTAN

13.ERICA OLIVIA HENRY

14.GLORIA HAREN SAGING

15.DAPHNE GEORGE

16.MELSON MANGGIS

17.CAROLYNE DAIRIS

thanx again for those who has posted.and double thanx to those who posted 2 post(what a hardworking person you areO_0)

I hope the rest will post soon.

Thank you.

Moderator,

NOR HIDAYAH KAMIN

## CIRCLE: Generally

Posted in General on December 27, 2009 by kumang11

The great-circle distance or orthodromic distance is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of a sphere measured along a path on the surface of the sphere (as opposed to going through the sphere’s interior). Because spherical geometry is rather different from ordinary Euclidean geometry, the equations for distance take on a different form. The distance between two points in Euclidean space is the length of a straight line from one point to the other. On the sphere, however, there are no straight lines. In non-Euclidean geometry, straight lines are replaced with Geodesics. Geodesics on the sphere are the great circles (circles on the sphere whose centers are coincident with the center of the sphere).

Between any two points on a sphere which are not directly opposite each other, there is a unique great circle. The two points separate the great circle into two arcs. The length of the shorter arc is the great-circle distance between the points. A great circle endowed with such a distance is the Riemannian circle.

Between two points which are directly opposite each other, called antipodal points, there are infinitely many great circles, but all great circle arcs between antipodal points have the same length, i.e. half the circumference of the circle, or πr, where r is the radius of the sphere.

Because the Earth is approximately spherical (see Earth radius), the equations for great-circle distance are important for finding the shortest distance between points on the surface of the Earth (as the crow flies), and so have important applications in navigation

## Let be the geographical latitude and longitude of two points (a base “standpoint” and the destination “forepoint”), respectively, and their differences and the (spherical) angular difference/distance, or central angle, which can be constituted from the spherical law of cosines:

The distance d, i.e. the arc length, for a sphere of radius r and given in radians, is then:

This arccosine formula above can have large rounding errors for the common case where the distance is small, however, so it is not normally used. Instead, an equation known historically as the haversine formula was preferred, which is much more accurate for small distances:[1]

Historically, the use of this formula was simplified by the availability of tables for the haversine function: hav(θ) = sin2(θ/2).

Although this formula is accurate for most distances, it too suffers from rounding errors for the special (and somewhat unusual) case of antipodal points (on opposite ends of the sphere). A more complicated formula that is accurate for all distances is the following special case (a sphere, which is an ellipsoid with equal major and minor axes) of the Vincenty formula (which more generally is a method to compute distances on ellipsoids):[2]

When programming a computer, one should use the atan2() function rather than the ordinary arctangent function (atan()), in order to simplify handling of the case where the denominator is zero.

If r is the great-circle radius of the sphere, then the great-circle distance is .

Note: above, accuracy refers to rounding errors only; all formulas themselves are exact (for a sphere

The shape of the Earth closely resembles a flattened spheroid with extreme values for the radius of 6,378.137 km at the equator and 6,356.752 km at the poles. The average radius for a spherical approximation of the figure of the Earth is approximately 6371.01 km (3958.76 statute miles, 3440.07 nautical miles).

## Worked example

For an example of the formula in practice, take the latitude and longitude of two airports:

• Nashville International Airport (BNA) in Nashville, TN, USA: N 36°7.2′, W 86°40.2′
• Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in Los Angeles, CA, USA: N 33°56.4′, W 118°24.0′

The co-ordinates are first converted to decimal degrees (Sign × (Deg + (Min + Sec / 60) / 60)) and radians (× π / 180) before they can be used effectively in a formula. After conversion, the coordinates become:

• BNA:
• LAX:

Using these values in the angular difference/distance equation:

Thus the distance between LAX and BNA is about 2886 km or 1794 miles (× 0.62137) or 1557 nautical miles (× 0.539553).

by,
Sawai anak Jantan

## Calling all H2T11!!

Posted in General on December 19, 2009 by Admin

My dear tutorialmates,feel free to contribute your ‘research’ to this blog.

This is OUR blog.

Moderator,

Nor Hidayah Binti Kamin